Although biologists employ a variety of approaches in conducting research, microbiologists and other experimentally oriented biologists often use the general approach known as the scientific method. They first gather observations of the process to be studied and then develop a tentative hypothesis an educated guess to explain the observations . This step often is inductive and creative because there is no detailed, automatic technique for generating hypotheses. Next they decide what information is required to test the hypothesis and collect this information through observation or carefully designed experiments.After the information has been collected, they decide whether the hypothesis has been supported or falsified. If it has failed to pass the test, the hypothesis is rejected, and a new explanation or hypothesis is constructed. Ifthe hypothesis passes the test, it is subjected to more severe testing. The procedure often is made more efficient by constructing and testing alternative hypotheses and then refining the hypothesis that survives testing.This general approach is often called the hypothetico-deductive method.One deduces predictions from the currently accepted hypothesis and tests them. In deduction the conclusion about specific cases follows logically from a general premise. Induction is the opposite.A general conclusion is reached after considering many specific examples.
Both types of reasoning are used by scientists.When carrying out an experiment, it is essential to use a control group as well as an experimental group. The control group is treated precisely the same as the experimental group except that the experimental manipulation is not performed on it. In this way one can be sure that any
changes in the experimental group are due to the experimental manipulation rather than to some other factor not taken into account.
If a hypothesis continues to survive testing, it may be accepted as a valid theory. A theory is a set of propositions and concepts that provides a reliable, systematic, and rigorous account of an aspect of nature. It is important to note that hypotheses and theories are never absolutely proven. Scientists simply gain more and more confidence in their accuracy as they continue to survive testing, fit with new observations and experiments,and satisfactorily explain the observed phenomena.
- The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture.
- The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host.
- The same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host.
Although Koch used the general approach described in the postulates during his anthrax studies, he did not outline them fully until his 1884 publication on the cause of tuberculosis .Koch’s proof that Bacillus anthracis caused anthrax was independently confirmed by Pasteur and his coworkers. They discovered that after burial of dead animals, anthrax spores survived and were brought to the surface by earthworms. Healthy animals then ingested the spores and became ill.
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